indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
extent; scope; sphere; range; span
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
north-east; Tōhoku (northernmost six prefectures of Honshu); Tohoku
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
spread; span; expanse; extent
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
weather (meteorology) information
to continue to rain or snow
now; the present time; just now; another; more
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
Hiroshima prefecture (Chūgoku area)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
milli-; 10^-3; millimetre; millimeter
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
observation; survey; measurement; opinion; prediction; thinking
western Japan (usu. Chūbu region and westward)
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
thank you; thanks; much (thanks); very (sorry); quite; really; somehow
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
present age; present day; today; modern era; modern times
to be hit; to strike; to touch; to be in contact; to be equivalent to; to be applicable; to be right on the money (of a prediction, criticism, etc.)
defense; defence; guard; policing; security
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
craftsman; artisan; tradesman; worker; workman