here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
railway station; train station; staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan); counter for railway stations and bus stations
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
so; like this; in this way; this much; to this extent
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
multi-floor building; multi-storey building; bill; check; bill; promissory note
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
the old days; the past; former times; the past ten years; the past decade
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
(Edo-period) town magistrate
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
commemorative plaque (usu. on a stone); stone monument (bearing an inscription)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
boss; leader; kingpin; chief; head (e.g. of a crime syndicate)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
jitte; short truncheon with a hook made of metal or wood (used by policemen and private thief-takers in Edo Japan)
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
(your) business; (your) concern; (customer's) order; official business (of the government, Imperial Court, etc.); arrest; capture
all night long; all through the night