what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child on waiting list (kindergarten, school, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
space; room; vacancy; opening; free time; time to spare
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
outline; main points; generally; on the whole; general; rough
Tokyo Metropolis (prefecture); Tokyo metropolitan area
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
I agree with you; it is as (someone) says
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to leave (in someone's keeping); to put (in someone's care); to put (someone) in charge of; to leave (a matter) in someone's hands; to lean on; to put one's weight on
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
how; in what way; how about