new rice field; newly developed rice field; wasteland or marshland newly reclaimed as a rice field (Edo period)
he; she; that person; that; that one; that thing
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to spoil; to ruin; to destroy; to make a mess of
offender; criminal; culprit
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
unofficial offer (esp. job offer); tentative decision
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
unprofitable business operation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cancellation; withdrawal; abolition; revocation; cancel; CAN
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; the present time; just now; another; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be found; to be discovered
company; corporation; workplace
resentment; grudge; malice; matter for regret; regret
to become stronger; to grow in intensity; to grow violent; to invite contributions, etc.; to solicit help, participation, etc.; to recruit (e.g. soldiers)
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
typical; representative; archetypal; quintessential; stereotypical; model
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
squad leader; group leader; team leader
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
please (give me); please (do for me)