indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
adds force or indicates command
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
fire fighting; fire department; fire brigade
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to open (e.g. doors); to open (e.g. business, etc.); to be empty; to be vacant; to be available; to be open (e.g. neckline, etc.); to have been opened (of one's eyes, mouth, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage