indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
suffix for familiar person
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
marsh; swamp; wetland; being hooked (on a video game, TV show, etc.)
elegance; dandyism; sophistication; affectation; showing off; putting on an air
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
town; block; downtown; main street; street; road
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial