indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(raw) ore; unpolished gemstone
Yamaguchi (city, prefecture)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to invite; to ask (someone to do); to tempt; to lure; to induce (tears, laughter, sleepiness, etc.); to arouse (e.g. sympathy)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
robust; brawny; muscular; strong; sturdy
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to stand in the way (esp. with legs spread out); to block the way; to stand in the way (e.g. of progress); to obstruct
cripple; disabled person; invalid
just like; (virtually) no different from; (almost) the same as; as good as (e.g. dead, settled)
to become frightened; to be frightened (of); to be scared (of)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
the feeling between (new) lovers
to taste; to savor; to appreciate; to enjoy; to experience; to go through
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
somehow; for some reason; without knowing why
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
horizontal (as opposed to vertical); lying down; side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; side (of a box, etc.); beside
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
professor; teaching; instruction
how; in what way; how about
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise