indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
article; news story; report; account
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
newly born imperial prince; newly constructed (branch) shrine
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
common reed (Phragmites australis)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
material (for a story, article, etc.); information; joke; jest; proof; evidence; (magician's) trick
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?