here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
already; now; no longer; not any more
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
function; facility; faculty; feature
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
as was expected; just as one thought; sure enough; really; actually; ever
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to release; to let go; to free; to add (pieces of eggplant, potato, etc.) to water, broth, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
management; (executive) staff; leaders; leadership; top brass; upper echelons
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
leaving as is; leaving alone; leaving to chance; neglecting; abandoning
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
island in a pond or river
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
to make an example of; to make a victim of; to hold up somebody (something) to ridicule; to pierce with a spear
unemployment; losing one's job; becoming unemployed
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
high-status Shinto shrine with connection to imperial family; imperial Shinto shrine
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
pup; puppy; whelp; damn dog; mutt
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become