taking an examination (esp. school and university entrance)
pupil; student; schoolchild
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
correspondence (to); equivalence; suitability; coordination; dealing with; coping with
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to strike against; to collide with; to encounter; to meet; to clash
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
sorry; excuse me; thank you
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
painful; difficult; distressing; (psychologically) difficult; straitened (circumstances); tight (financial situation)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)