indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; sly person; idiot; hick; sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut); clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
self-confidence; confidence (in oneself)
match (to light fire with)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
counter for small animals; counter for rolls of cloth (two han in size); (arch.) counter for horses; roll of cloth
to hang; to suspend; to dangle; to swing; to carry
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
please (give me); please (do for me)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
old house; deserted house
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic