indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
to come alive; to get going; to start to move
due form; official; formality
contract; compact; agreement
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
final adjustment; final coordination
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
depending on; as soon as; immediately after; as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes"); whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand"); order; program
acquisition (esp. corporate); buy-out; takeover; bribery; buying off; corruption
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
company director; board member
meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
recognition; acknowledgement; acknowledgment; approval; consent; agreement
I would be most grateful if you could ...; I would humbly ask that you ...; please ...
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
managing director; executive director; routine business; regular business