indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
sedge (Cyperaceae spp., esp. members of genus Carex)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
suffix for familiar person
chime; bell (e.g. doorbell)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
father; dad; husband; you; he
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
corner; nook; shade; shadow; dark circles (under the eyes); dark rings
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
rikka; formal style of ikebana
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become