indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
sedge (Cyperaceae spp., esp. members of genus Carex)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
research division; research club (e.g. at school, university)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
rikka; formal style of ikebana
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
fertilized egg; fertilised egg
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
study; research; investigation
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
suffix for familiar person
father; dad; husband; you; he
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to