indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
travel; trip; journey; excursion; tour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
drawing up (e.g. legal document, contract, will, etc.); preparing; writing; framing; making; producing
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
reservation; appointment; contract; subscription; programming (e.g. a device); setting (e.g. a timer)
completion; conclusion; perfect (tense, form, aspect)
day in question; appointed day; that very day; the day (of issue, publication, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sleeping in late; oversleeping; late riser; sleepyhead
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hot spring; onsen; hot spring resort; hot spring spa
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the other day; lately; recently; meanwhile; in the meantime
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
in that way; thus; so; so?
change of pace; change of mood; (mental) break (e.g. going for a walk); refreshment
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
shopping district; shopping street; downtown
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
master (of a house, shop, etc.); husband; sir; boss; patron of a mistress, geisha, bar or nightclub hostess; sugar daddy
two persons; two people; pair; couple
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide