indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
primary school; elementary school; grade school
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
senior high school; high school
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
together; at the same time; same; identical
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
splendid; nice; sufficient; fine (in the sense of "I'm fine"); well enough; OK
close; intimate; on good terms
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
unthinkable; unexpected; absolutely not!; far from it!; (it was) no bother at all; not at all
artificial product; man-made product; fiction; made-up story; decoration (e.g. for a festival); theatrical prop (esp. a large prop in noh or kyogen, e.g. tree, well, boat)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
that's true; of course; obviously
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
housewife; mistress (of the house); homemaker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need