indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
to take (a photo); to record (video, audio, etc.); to make (a film)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
death; mortality; to die; to pass away
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
how; in what way; how about
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
that's the way it is; such is life
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
entrance; front door; entryway; entranceway; entry hall; vestibule
(sound of) laughter; laughing voice
guy; fellow; chap; bastard; asshole; arsehole
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
clearing one's throat; cough