indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
attendance; presence; appearance
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
even if; even though; however; no matter how
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
adds force or indicates command
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
alone; by oneself; on one's own
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
not a chance; you wish!; that's not going to happen; that won't work
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
fishing; gathering seafood (e.g. clams, seaweed); catch (e.g. of fish); haul
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
as expected; predictably; not surprisingly
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to subsist; to keep on living
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...