indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
entrance; front door; entryway; entranceway; entry hall; vestibule
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
continent; continental Asia (esp. mainland China); continental Europe
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to go out (e.g. on an excursion or outing); to leave; to depart; to be about to leave; to be just going out
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate