indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
establishment; institution; installation (of a machine or equipment)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
bōryokudan; gangster organization (organisation); crime syndicate; yakuza
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
criminal groups and individuals; groups and individuals who seek economic profit through violence, force and fraudulent means; violent criminals, extortionists and racketeers; organized crime; (lit.) anti-social forces
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
worry; fear; anxiety; concern
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
enough; sufficient; sufficiently; fully; division into ten
knowledge; awareness; consent; acceptance; forgiving; pardoning
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to entangle; to entwine; to pick a quarrel; to find fault; to be involved with; to be influenced by
accepting bribes; corruption; graft
doubt; question; uncertainty; skepticism; scepticism; suspicion
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
single word; a few words; brief comment
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
truth or falsehood; genuineness; authenticity; veracity
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
parliamentarian; member of a congress
(private) secretary; treasured book; secret book
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
troy; weight system used for gold, silver, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to interpret; to understand
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)