private affairs; personal matter
selection; choice; option
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
pleasant smell; aroma; fragrance; pleasant-smelling vegetation
second marriage; remarriage
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(ancient) Japan; Yamato (former province located in present-day Nara Prefecture)
once; one time; temporarily; for a moment; one degree; one tone
failure; mistake; blunder
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.); to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.); to be suited to
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
Formosan sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana)
Aki (former province located in the west of present-day Hiroshima Prefecture)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
endless; boundless; innumerable; endless; never-ending; going on forever
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
near; close; beside; vicinity; proximity; besides
loveable; very likeable; like very much