indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
corner; nook; shade; shadow; dark circles (under the eyes); dark rings
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
death penalty; capital punishment
chief (of police); head (of office)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
police; police officer; police station
iron (Fe); strong and hard (as iron); railway; railway enthusiast
union; unity; bundling; binding; (arch.) putting on (clothes, armour, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
foreigner; foreign citizen; foreign national; alien; non-Japanese
illegal resident (in a country); illegal alien; illegal overstayer (person who has overstayed their visa)