indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
adds force or indicates command
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
heat; fever; temperature; zeal; passion
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?