which way; which direction; which one (esp. of two alternatives); who
reason; principle; general principle (as opposed to individual concrete phenomenon); the underlying principles of the cosmos (in neo-Confucianism)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
right; right-hand side; right hand; the above (in a piece of vertical writing); above-mentioned; the right (wing)
left; left-hand side; left hand; the left (wing); leftist; fondness for alcohol
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style; one Buddhist image
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
cry (of an animal); call; chirp; song; caw; roar
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
older sister; lass; young lady
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
oh; right; I see; OK; gotcha
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
night duty; night shift; night work
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
I'm off (and will be back later); see you later; to go (and then come back)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
by myself; in person; by oneself
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name