indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
suffix for familiar person
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
don't you think?; indicates question