indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(camera) shutter; shutter (for a door, window, etc.)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
strangulation; strangling
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
alone; by oneself; on one's own
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
honorific/polite/humble prefix
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
club; fraternity; sorority; clubhouse
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
that child; that kid; that boy; (arch.) you
last night; yesterday evening
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
to come out; to appear; to turn up; to emerge
contacting; (making) contact; connection (with a train, bus, etc.); joining (a railway line, etc.); connection (between matters, incidents, etc.); relation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be absent; to take a day off; to rest; to have a break; to go to bed; to (lie down to) sleep
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to weigh on one's mind; to bother one; to be interested (in); to be curious (about); to feel like (doing); to feel inclined to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become