indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
chirp; twitter; warble; whale tongue
sobbing; weeping; fit of crying
cry (e.g. of a baby); sob; whine; tearful voice; weepy voice
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to recall; to remember; to recollect
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
many times over; often; repeatedly; time after time
why; how; for what reason
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
solitude; loneliness; isolation
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
to experience (something unpleasant); to go through; to suffer
ordinary; common; free of charge; free; unaffected; as is
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
honorific/polite/humble prefix
tsukemono (pickled vegetables)
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
I'm off (and will be back later); see you later; to go (and then come back)
I see; that's right; indeed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
how long; how far; how much
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
trade; business; commerce; occupation; calling; profession