indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to recall; to remember; to recollect
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
many times over; often; repeatedly; time after time
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
solitude; loneliness; isolation
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
tsukemono; Japanese pickled vegetables
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen