indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
(one's) older sister; (one's) elder sister; girl
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
really; very; extremely; (not) anything; (not) at all; (not) a bit
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to clasp; to grasp; to hold (the answer); to have (e.g. the solution); to seize (power); to hold (the reins)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sure; certain; reliable; trustworthy; If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
knowing; (an) acquaintance
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
(one's) whereabouts; destination; where one is headed; outcome; course (of events); future
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
neighbourhood; neighborhood
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
detailed; full; minute; knowing very well; knowledgeable (about); well-acquainted (with)
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you