indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
morning; breakfast; (arch.) next morning
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
action; operation; effect; function
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
intake (e.g. of salt); ingestion; absorption (e.g. of new knowledge); adoption (e.g. of foreign culture); reception and protection
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to match (rhythm, speed, etc.); to join together; to unite; to face; to be opposite (someone); to compare; to check with
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
people; citizens; subjects; folk
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to disdain; to look down on; to make light of; to hold in contempt; to scorn; to despise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
double; two-fold; diplo-; dipl-; double-edged eyelid; double eyelid
width; breadth; freedom (e.g. of thought); latitude; gap; difference (e.g. in price)
to spread; to extend; to unfold; to open; to scatter about; to spread around
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
eye bags; periorbital puffiness
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
camouflage; disguise; pretense; feigning; masquerade
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
yakiniku; Japanese dish of grilled meat similar to Korean barbecue; roasted meat; grill
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on