indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
unrelated; irrelevant; unconcerned; unconnected
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
originally; by nature; from the start
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
running away from home; elopement; (arch.) outing; (arch.) going out; (arch.) becoming a Buddhist monk; (arch.) entering the priesthood
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
(not) well; (not) properly; (not) enough; (not) sufficiently; (not) satisfactorily; (not) decently
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to like; to be pleased with; to be delighted with; to take a liking to; to suit one's fancy
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to give permission to marry
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry