indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; content; substance
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
president (of a society); chairman
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
adultery; immorality; impropriety; (an) affair
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
settlement (financial); squaring accounts; liquidation; ending (a relationship); breaking up (with)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to love; to cherish; to show favouritism to; to be partial to; to fondle; to caress
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to recall; to remember; to recollect
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
seeming to be; appearing to be; like; similar to; in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that
to be convinced (that); to be under the impression (that); to make up one's mind; to set one's heart on; to be obsessed (with a thought, idea, etc.); to think about obsessively
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass (time); to spend; to overdo (esp. of one's alcohol consumption); to drink (alcohol); (arch.) to take care of; (arch.) to support
one's youth; early life; one's early days; one's early years
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper