indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
photograph; photo; picture; moving picture; movie
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
such ... as; or some such
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
avenue; street; coming and going; street traffic; flow (of water, air, etc.); transmission (of sound); reach (e.g. of voice)
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hand over; to surrender
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
to look at again; to re-examine (policy, estimate, plan, etc.); to review; to get a better opinion of; to see in a more positive light; to improve
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
don't you think?; indicates question
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to be photographed; to be projected
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
president (of a society); chairman
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
knowing; (an) acquaintance
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
individual; private person; personal; private
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion