indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to feel; to sense; to experience
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to lose; to miss (a change, opportunity); to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of; to concede (goals, points, etc.)
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to notice; to recognize; to recognise; to become aware of; to perceive; to realize
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
serious; not joking; straight
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
pregnancy; conception; gestation
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to feel nervous; to feel afraid; to be startled; to be surprised; (arch.) to be shy; (arch.) to be bashful
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
suffix for familiar person
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
father; dad; husband; you; he
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
natural; reasonable; obvious; usual; common; ordinary
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise