father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Excellent (grade); A; superiority; excellence; gentle; graceful
suffix for familiar person
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to celebrate; to congratulate; to present (a gift) in celebration; to drink in celebration; to wish for (a happy future, good fortune, etc.); to pray for
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
failure; mistake; blunder
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
conception; idea; thought; samjna (perception)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
taking an examination (esp. school and university entrance)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
time; hour; period; class
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
to resign; to retire; to quit; to leave (one's job, etc.)
environment; circumstance
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
quickly; at once; right away; hurriedly
senior high school; high school
authorization; authorisation; acknowledgment; acknowledgement; certification; recognition
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
absorption; giving undivided attention; devoting oneself (to)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name