indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
maiko; apprentice geisha; dancing girl
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to feel; to sense; to experience
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)