indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
cornerstone; main point; requirement; need; necessary; required
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yakisoba; fried noodles, usu. with vegetables and meat
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
flavor; flavour; charm; appeal; experience; taste (e.g. of victory)
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
father; dad; husband; you; he
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
Vienna sausage; wiener; Vienna coffee; Viennese
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
younger brother; little brother; brother-in-law (spouse's younger brother or younger sister's husband); (arch.) pupil; (arch.) apprentice
company; corporation; workplace
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)