indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
grandfather; old man; kyogen mask used for the role of an old man
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
omurice; fried rice wrapped in or topped with omelette
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
please (give me); please (do for me)
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post
employee (of a store); shop assistant; clerk; salesperson
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
adds force or indicates command