indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
educational institution; school; academy; campus
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
defense; defence; protection
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
pupil; student; schoolchild
cheating (on an examination); cribbing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
adds force or indicates command
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")