indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to win after tough bidding
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
father; dad; husband; you; he
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
gravity; gravitation; gravitational pull
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to have a limit; to go too far (e.g. joke)
meeting (face-to-face); seeing; visit; interview
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at that time; at that moment; then; on that occasion
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to take good care of; to treasure; to value; to hold dear; to prize; to cherish
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to be handed down; to be introduced; to be transmitted; to be circulated; to go along; to walk along
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
autumn colours; fall colors; leaves turning red; red leaves; leaves turning yellow; yellow leaves; (Japanese) maple (Acer japonicum)
(please) try to; (please) look; seeing; looking
to lead; to take the initiative; to take precedence (e.g. sadness taking precedence over anger); to be most essential
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
really; very; extremely; (not) anything; (not) at all; (not) a bit
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
maid; female servant; hostess (in a ryokan); waitress (in a traditional restaurant); (arch.) court lady
to that extent; to that degree; so much; so