indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Naporitan; Napolitan; Japanese spaghetti dish made with ketchup
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
victim; injured party; sufferer
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
subtle seasoning that brings out the flavor; secret ingredient
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
honorific/polite/humble prefix
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
please (give me); please (do for me)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
offender; criminal; culprit
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
innocent; chaste; naive; pure; unmixed; genuine