excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lack of ability; inadequacy; (being) out of one's depth
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
please (give me); please (do for me)
in that way; thus; so; so?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
myself; yourself; I; me; you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
main body (of an army); main force; these troops
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
still more; even more; all the more; still less; even less
change of pace; change of mood; (mental) break (e.g. going for a walk); refreshment
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
section chief; laboratory manager; office head; room monitor
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
leisurely; slow; deliberate; easygoing
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be fit (for a role); to be qualified (for); to be equal (to a task); to be able to fulfill one's duties (as)
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
materials; data; document
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to write out; to make a fair copy; to rewrite