indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
chief (of police); head (of office)
police; police officer; police station
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
please (give me); please (do for me)
(police) detective; criminal matter
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
police officer; policeman; policewoman
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
offender; criminal; culprit
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
search (esp. in criminal investigations); investigation; inquiry; enquiry
arrest; apprehension; capture
concealment; suppression; hiding