indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
honorific/polite/humble prefix
shopping; purchased goods
woman; female; feminine gender
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
dangerous; risky; in danger; in jeopardy; uncertain; unreliable
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to sit; to squat; to assume (a position); to hold steady; to hold still
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
have a good day; take care; see you
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
huff!; yo-heave-ho!; heigh-ho; to butter up; to suck up to
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
subsection head; assistant manager; chief clerk
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
custom; practice; said; aforementioned; instance; example
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
head; chief; merit; strong point; superiority; major
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
chief (of police); head (of office)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
the number of people; many people; a large number of people; (counted as an) adult
to increase; to add to; to augment
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...