indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
preceptor or high priest (esp. in Zen or Pure Land Buddhism); preceptor or high priest (in Tendai or Kegon Buddhism); preceptor or high priest (in Shingon, Hosso, Ritsu or Shin Buddhism); second highest priestly rank in Buddhism; monk (esp. the head monk of a temple); master (of one's art, trade, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that kind of; of the sort; of the kind; such
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that