indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
Kanazawa (city in Ishikawa)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
in that way; thus; so; so?
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
bamboo (any grass of subfamily Bambusoideae); middle (of a three-tier ranking system)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
88 years old; (arch.) rice
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)