indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
bamboo (any grass of subfamily Bambusoideae); middle (of a three-tier ranking system)
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
all present; all concerned; all of us
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
logs in bark; rough wood; unseasoned timber; new lumber
leading figure; influential figure; mogul
Sunpu (old name for Shizuoka City)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
to say; to be called; to do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result