indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
bamboo (any grass of subfamily Bambusoideae); middle (of a three-tier ranking system)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
husband; master (of a house, shop, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; the present time; just now; another; more
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
to say; to be called; to do
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah