indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
dad; dada; daddy; pa; papa; pappa
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
than; other than; except; but
onigiri; rice ball (often triangular, sometimes with a filling and wrapped in nori)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
reason; principle; general principle (as opposed to individual concrete phenomenon); (in neo-Confucianism) the underlying principles of the cosmos
complexity; frequency; trouble; traditional Chinese character; unsimplified Chinese character
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
cross mark; demerit mark; an X
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to chip (off); to shave (off); to slice (off); to dampen (e.g. enthusiasm); to discourage; to weaken
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become