indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
adds force or indicates command
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
to take something into ...; to bring in; to lodge (a complaint); to file (a plan); to bring to (a state: tied game, vote, trial, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
look!; look out!; hey!; look at me!; there you are!
honorific/polite/humble prefix
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to strike; to hit; to beat; to punch
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
chain; chaining; connection; (genetic) linkage
to slip out; to sneak away; to break into the lead; to get ahead; to begin to fall out (e.g. hair); to break out (of a loop)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
to protect (someone); to look after (e.g. an injured leg); to defend; to cover for; to stand up for; to stick up for
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
hmm; well ...; humph; roughly; harshly; violently
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
and yet; though; when; in spite of
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...